Module 10

1. What happened during the final stages of the World War II in August 1945?
Answer:

During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

2. Who was assassinated on November 22, 1963? Where and how did it happen?
Answer:


The assassination of John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) in Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding with his wife Jacqueline in a Presidential motorcade.

3. What does 9/11 refer to? Give a short overview of the disaster.
Answer:

9/11 conspiracy theories allege that the September 11 attacks in 2001 were either intentionally allowed to happen or were a false flag operation orchestrated by an organization with elements inside the United States government. The most prominent theory is that the collapse of the World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center were the result of a controlled demolition rather than structural weakening due to fire. Another prominent belief is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective standdown of the American military. The commonly claimed motives are to justify the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, leading to subsequent US control of their vast oil resources; to facilitate increased military spending; and to restrict domestic civil liberties.


4. What happened on the 14th April 1912? What were the consequences?
Answer:


USS America was a troop transport for the United States Navy during World War I. She was launched in 1905 as SS Amerika by Harland and Wolff in Belfast for the Hamburg America Line of Germany. As a passenger liner, she sailed primarily between Hamburg and New York. On 14 April 1912, Amerika transmitted a wireless message about icebergs near the same area where RMS Titanic struck one and sank less than 24 hours later. At the outset of World War I, Amerika was interned at Boston rather than risking seizure by the British Royal Navy.
The sinking resulted in the deaths of 1,517 of the 2,223 people on board, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history.


5. Why is the ship Mayflower so important in American history? What happened?
Answer:

The Mayflower was used primarily as a cargo ship, involved in active trade of goods (often wine) between England and other European countries. At least between 1609 and 1622, it was mastered by Christopher Jones, who would command the ship on the famous transatlantic voyage, and based in Rotherhithe, London, England.
his ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630, 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642 a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.

6. What was the significant event that took place on July 16, 1969? Illustrate.
Answer:

The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module.

The mission fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."


7. What relevant event took place on January 20th 2009 in the United States? Illustrate.
Answer:

Barack Obama was inaugurated as president of the United States on January 20, 2009
8. What was Arpanet and why is this term and the man called Tim Berners-Lee very important in the world's history?
Answer:

The first network of computers involved just 4 machines collectively called Arpanet. This took place in 1969 and was funded by America’s Defence Department’s Research Projects Agency.
In the late 1970’s, Arpanet sought to change this. They wanted to devise an inter-networking system whereby different networks could ‘talk’ to one another. Arpanet devised TCP/IP. This was a set of rules for communication between networks. The Internet became a network of networks. Only the military stayed outside of this for security reasons. Such a transfer of vast amounts of information had been unthinkable just a decade earlier but TCP/IP changed all this.
n 1988, there were 50,000 computers attached to the Internet. By 1991, there were 1 million. However, it was difficult to access the information contained on the Internet as the system had little organisation. This problem was solved by Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist studying at a research facility in Switzerland. He invented a method of organising information which he called the world-wide-web (www). His system linked documents from different sources and guided users to related information. The www was first used by the public in 1991 and it allowed the transfer of text, sound, images and video clips. Above all else, it was simple to use.

9. Why is the date - September 1, 1939 – considered to be very significant date in the history of the world?
Answer:

On September 1, 1939, Hitler told the Nazi Reichstag that Poland had tried to invade Germany, and the Wehrmacht was returning fire since 5:45 AM. Actually, in a carefully planned and highly mobile attack codenamed Fall Weiss (Case White) planned by Generalfeldmarschall Walther von Brauchitsch, German land, sea, and air forces were moving rapidly into Poland.

Poland’s army in 1939 was totally unprepared for the new warfare it found itself in. Poland, like many armies, had large cavalry forces. What modern aircraft the Polish Air Force had were caught on the ground.
10. What started on the morning of December 7, 1941? Give a short overview.
Answer:
The attack on Pearl Harbor was an unannounced military strike conducted by the Japanese navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on the morning of December 7, 1941. It resulted in the United States' entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from influencing the war that the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia, against Britain and the Netherlands, as well as the U.S. in the Philippines. The attack consisted of two aerial attack waves totaling 353 aircraft, launched from six Japanese aircraft carriers.

Module 9

1. Who was Adolph Schicklgruber? Give his short biography.
Answer:

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was the totalitarian leader of Germany from 1933 to 1945, serving as chancellor from 1933 to 1945 and as head of state from 1934 to 1945.

2. Why is John Stith Pemberton's name famous? Illustrate.
Asnwer:

John Stith Pemberton (January 8, 1831 – August 16, 1888) was a Confederate veteran and an American druggist, and perhaps was best known for being the inventor of Coca-Cola, which in his lifetime was used only for medical purposes.

3. What was the name of the famous Italian astronomer, physicist and philosopher, who was born on the 15 February 1564? Give a short overview of his achievements.
Answer:

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.
In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention of the telescope in Holland.
In 1614, Galileo was accused of heresy for his support of the Copernican theory that the sun was at the centre of the solar system.
In 1632, he was again condemned for heresy after his book 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems' was published.

4.Provide interesting facts about William Henry Gates III. Why is he world-famous?
Answer:


William Henry "Bill" Gates III is an American business magnate, philanthropist, and chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people and the wealthiest overall as of 2009.During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder with more than 8 percent of the common stock.He has also authored or co-authored several books.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he is admired by many, a number of industry insiders criticize his business tactics, which they consider anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts .In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.

5.What was the name of the Scottish mathematician and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were a key stage in the Industrial Revolution? Illustrate his innovation.
Answer:

James Watt (January 19, 1736 - August 19, 1819) was a Scottish mathematician and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were a key stage in the Industrial Revolution.
6.Give a short biography of Andrew Warhola. What was/is he famous for? Illustrations.
Answer:

Andrew Warhola (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), more commonly known as Andy Warhol, was an American painter, printmaker, and filmmaker who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became famous worldwide for his work as a painter, avant-garde filmmaker, record producer, author, and public figure known for his membership in wildly diverse social circles that included bohemian street people, distinguished intellectuals, Hollywood celebrities and wealthy aristocrats.
7.What are the most important facts about the life of Norma Jeane Mortenson ? Illustrate.
Answer:

Marilyn Monroe was a Golden Globe Award-winning American actress, singer, model and pop icon which belies her early years - her birth certificate shows her father as 'unknown.' Her mother was mentally unstable. Considering the ups and downs in her life, she managed remarkably well, but the high life and loneliness unfortunately took its toll.

She was known for her comedic skills and screen presence, going on to become one of the most popular movie stars of the 1950s and early 1960s. At the later stages of her career, she worked towards serious roles with a measure of success. However, she faced disappointments in her career and personal life during her later years. Her death has been subject to speculation and conspiracy theories.


8. Who was the Roman emperor, who was murdered by senators 44 B.C? Why did this happen?
Answer:

Julius Caesar was the Roman emperor, who was murdered by senators 44 B.C.
February, 44 BCE: Caesar was named dictator perpetuus. On February 15, at the feast of Lupercalia, Caesar wore his purple garb for the first time in public. At the public festival, Antony offered him a diadem , but Caesar refused it, saying Jupiter alone is king of the Romans. Caesar was preparing to lead a military campaign against the Parthians, who had treacherously killed Crassus and taken the legionary eagles; he was due to leave on March 18. Although Caesar was apparently warned of some personal danger, he nevertheless refused a bodyguard.

March 15, 44 BCE: Caesar attended the last meeting of the Senate before his departure, held at its temporary quarters in the portico of the theater built by Pompey the Great . The sixty conspirators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Brutus Albinus, and Gaius Trebonius, came to the meeting with daggers concealed in their togas and struck Caesar at least 23 times as he stood at the base of Pompey's statue. Legend has it that Caesar said in Greek to Brutus, “You, too, my child?” After his death, all the senators fled, and three slaves carried his body home to Calpurnia several hours later. For several days there was a political vacuum, for the conspirators apparently had no long-range plan and, in a major blunder, did not immediately kill Mark Antony . The conspirators had only a band of gladiators to back them up, while Antony had a whole legion, the keys to Caesar's money boxes, and Caesar's will.

9.What is the name of the French emperor, who had to spend the last six years of his life under British supervision on the island of Saint Helena? Add short biography.
Answer:

Napoleon had to spend the last six years of his life under British supervision on the island of Saint Helena.
Napoleon Bonaparte was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.

Born in Corsica and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France, Bonaparte rose to prominence under the First French Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him Emperor. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power. After a streak of victories, France secured a dominant position in continental Europe and Napoleon maintained the French sphere of influence through the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other European countries as French client states.
10.What was the maiden name of the Princess of Wales, who was killed in the car accident in France? Illustate her short biography.
Answer:

Diana, Princess of Wales was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales. Her sons, Princes William and Harry, are second and third in line to the throne of the United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth Realms.

A public figure from the announcement of her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana remained the focus of near-constant media scrutiny in the United Kingdom and around the world before, during and after her marriage, even in the years following her sudden death in a car crash, which was followed by a spontaneous and prolonged show of public mourning. Contemporary responses to Diana's life and legacy were mixed but a popular fascination with the Princess endures. The long-awaited Coroner's Inquest reported its conclusion on 7 April 2008 that Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed were unlawfully killed by the negligent driving of the following vehicles and also the driver Henri Paul of the vehicle in which she was travelling.

Module 8

1.Which is the smallest country (by territory) in the world and how small (or big) is it? Which one is the largest country (by territory) and how big is it?
Answer:

Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares and a population of just over 800.

Russia is the biggest country in the world. It is 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi) big and population 142 million people.
2.What caused the Dead Sea to form? What country (counrties) does the Dead Sea reside in?
Answer:

There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that it lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "step-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating extension of the crust with consequent subsidence. Dead Sea resist in Jordan to the east and Israel to the west.
3.Which highest peak of a continent is also known as the Carstensz Pyramid ?
Answer:

Carstensz Pyramid is also known as Puncak Jaya and is the highest point of Indonesia.
4.Which is the third longest river in the world?
Answer:

The Yangtze River, or Chang Jiang is the longest river in China and Asia, and the third-longest in the world.
5.Which is the deepest ocean trench in the world?
Answer:

The Mariana Trench is the deepest known part of the world's oceans, and the lowest elevation of the surface of the Earth's crust. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, to the east of the Mariana Islands. The trench is about 2,550 kilometres long but has a mean width of only 69 kilometres . It reaches a maximum depth of about 11,033 metres.
6.Why was the famous explorer Sir Walter Raleigh placed in the Tower of London ?
Answer:

Sir Walter Raleigh was placed in the Tower of London because he had discovered Guiana and established Virginia colony of Roanoke Island in 1584.


7. What is the biggest body of water in the world?Illustrate.
Answer:

The biggest body of water in the world is Pacific Ocean 60,060,893 sq mi.
8.What is the largest desert of the world? Give a short overview of its inhabitants in the history.
Answer:

The Sahara is biggest desert in the world. It is more than 9,000,000 square kilometres. It covers most of Nothern Africa, making it almost as large as the United States or the continent of Europe.
Berbers are one of the oldest known inhabitants of the Sahara Desert.They are the people that occupied more than two thirds of the Sahara's total surface.The Garamantes Berbers built a prosperous empire in the heart of the desert.The Tuareg nomads continue, to present day, to inhabit and move across wide Sahara surfaces in Algeria, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, and Libya. Some of the oldest Berber Tifinagh inscriptions are found in Southern Algeria, Northern Mali and Niger.
9.By whose name was America named? When?
Answer:

America was named by Amerigo Vespucci. He was first to say that continent that Christopher Columbus have found is not India.
The anniversary of Columbus's 1492 landing in the Americas is usually observed as Columbus Day on October 12 in Spain and throughout the Americas, except Canada. In the United States it is observed annually on the second Monday in October.
10.Who was the famous explorer who conquered the Incas of Peru and when?
Answer:

Francisco Pizarro is famous for conquering the Incas of Peru. By AD 1533.

Module 7

1.Which fashion magazine has been the longest-lasting and most successful in the world? Give the details of the history of the magazine.
Answer:



Vogue, founded in the US in 1892, has been the longest-lasting and most successful of the hundreds of fashion magazines.
Vogue was founded as a weekly publication by Arthur Baldwin Turnure in 1892. When he died in 1909, Condé Nast picked it up and slowly began growing the publication. The first change Nast made was that Vogue appeared every two weeks instead of weekly. Nast also went overseas in the early 1910s.

2.Why is the name of the British fashion designer Mary Quant relevant in the history of fashion? Illustrate.

Answer:
Because she is one of the many designers who took credit for inventing the miniskirt and hot pants.


3.What does the term 'haute couture' refer to? Who was the first fashion designer to introduce the term? Which French fashion designer is considered to be one of the most chic in haute couture?

Answer:

Haute couture refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. Haute couture is made to order for a specific customer, and it is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques.
The first fashion designer to introduce the term was Charles Frederick Worth

Christian Marie Marc Lacroix is considered to be one of the most chic in haute couture.

4.What is the function of buttons on jacket sleeves and where has this custom come from? Illustrate.

Centuries of Use

Buttons on suit jacket sleeves can be viewed, alternately, as a blessing or a curse. Men who dress meticulously prefer suit jackets with functioning buttons at the cuff. But the suits most men wear have buttons on the sleeves that are purely decorative.

Form Over Function

The Manhattan-based custom tailor and menswear historian Alan Flusser traces suit sleeve buttons as far back as 225 years ago, to the reign of Prussia's Frederick the Great. The buttons would "encourage (soldiers) to use their shirt cuffs instead of jackets sleeves as handkerchiefs," Flusser wrote. Many modern menswear dictates are rooted in military decorum and convenience.

Buttons' Appeal Lost

When mass-production practices took hold in the 20th century, jackets with functioning buttons on the sleeves fell out of favor. They were once known widely as "surgeon's cuffs" that could be unbuttoned and rolled up so doctors could wash up as high as their wrists.

Poking Holes in Functioning Buttons

Jackets with functioning buttons on the sleeves come at a price. Tailors say they present problems when it comes to alterations.

Nip-and-Tuck Nightmare

Having a jacket tucked in at the shoulders could raise the sleeve buttons too high. Shortening jacket sleeves at the cuff drops the buttons too low. If there's any advantage to jackets with buttons that don't open and close, it's that they're easily replaced

5.How did the women's wigs look like in the eighteenth-century England? Illustrate.
Answer:

In eighteenth-century England, women's wigs were sometimes 4 feet high. These remarkable headdresses were dusted with flour and decorated with Stuffed birds, replicas of gardens, plates of fruit, or even model ships. Sometimes the wigs were so elaborate they were worn continuously for several months. They were matted with lard to keep them from coming apart, which made mice and insects a constant hazard. Special pillows had to be constructed to hold these giant creations, and rat-resistant caps made of gilt wire were common items. Mercifully, the wig craze died out quite suddenly in England in 1795, when a hair-powder tax made their upkeep too expensive.

6.What makes an item vintage? Examples.
Vintage item is a generic term for new or second hand garments originating from a previous era. The phrase is also used in connection with a retail outlet, e.g. vintage item store.

7.What is a 'brassiere '? What is a 'negligee'? History? Illustrate.
brassiere is an article of clothing that covers, supports, and elevates the breasts. Since the late 19th century, it has replaced the corset as the most widely accepted method for supporting a woman's breasts. Bras are these days worn by women in almost all parts of the world
negligee is a form of womenswear intended for wear at night and in the bedroom. It is a form of nightgown; first introduced in France in the 18th-century, where it mimicked the heavy head-to-toe style of women's day dresses of the time.
8.Describe the history of perfumes. When and where were the perfumes first used?
Answer:
The word perfume used today derives from the Latin "per fumus", meaning through smoke. Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt and was further refined by the Romans and Persians.

Although perfume and perfumery also existed in India, much of its fragrances are incense based. The earliest distillation of Attar was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita. The Harshacharita, written in 7th century A.D. in Northern India mentions use of fragrant agarwood oil.

The world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the second millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the sShe distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times.

Recently, archaeologists have uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery. At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the 43,000-square-foot (4,000 m²) factory In ancient times people used herbs and spices, like almond, coriander, myrtle,conifer resin , bergamot, as well as flowers.

9.Who is the top model ranked 15 among Top Icon models? Give a short biography of the model.

Answer:

Carmen Kass is the top model ranked 15 among Top Icon models.

Kass was born in Tallinn, Estonia and grew up in Paide, the capital of Järva County. Kass moved to Paris at the age of eighteen and soon received exposure by appearing on the covers of French and American Vogue, Australian Elle, UK Image, Madame Figaro, and French Numéro.

10.What is the name of the company, which first started to produce denim jeans? When and where?

Levi was the company first started to produce denim jeans.

First jean was made in USA in 1872.

Module 6

1.The world's longest continuous fence is 'The Dingo Fence' in Australia – how long is it? Why was it built? Illustrate.
Answer:

It stretches 5,614 km from Jimbour on the Darling Downs near Dalby through thousands of kilometres of arid land ending west of Eyre peninsula on cliffs of the Nullarbor Plain above the Great Australian Bight near Nundroo. The Dingo Fence or Dog Fence is a pest-exclusion fence that was built in Australia during the 1880s and finished in 1885, to keep dingoes out of the relatively fertile south-east part of the continent and protect the sheep flocks of southern Queensland.
2. Which world's largest reptile can be found in Australia? Give the details of the species and illustrate.
Answer:

The world's largest reptile, the Saltwater Crocodiles, is native to Australia.

It is found in suitable habitats throughout Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, the Eastern coast of India and the surrounding waters. The Alligator Rivers of Northern Australia are misnamed due to the resemblance of the saltwater crocodile to alligators as compared to freshwater crocodiles, which also inhabit the Northern Territory.
The saltwater crocodile has a longer muzzle than the mugger crocodile, and is twice the length of its breadth at the base.The saltwater crocodile has fewer armor plates on its neck than other crocodilians, and its broad body contrasts with that of most other lean crocodiles, leading to early unverified assumptions that the reptile was an alligator.


3.What kind of goverment does Australia have? Who is the present Prime Minister?
Answer:

Australia is Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy.

The present Prime Minister is Kevin Rudd.
4. Which lake is the deepest lake in Australia and which is the longest river there?
Answer:

The Deepest lake in Australia is Lake St Clair.

The Murray River is the longest river in Australia at 2520km, combining with the Darling and Upper Darling Rivers to form the Murray-Darling basin.
5.Provide the name of Australian national anthem. Who is the composer of the anthem and how did the anthem become official in Australia?
Answer:

‘Advance Australia Fair’ is the national anthem of Australia. A revised version of a late nineteenth century patriotic song, it was officially declared the national anthem on 19 April 1984.

Peter Dodds McCormick, a Scot, composed ‘Advance Australia Fair’ under the pen-name ‘Amicus’.
The official anthem was ‘God Save the Queen’ (or ‘King’) from 1788 to 1974, although numerous commercial and official competitions were held over the years to find a substitute. The first was held in 1840.

John Dunmore Lang, who published an ‘Australian Anthem’ and an ‘Australian Hymn’ in 1826, was an early advocate of a distinctively Australian anthem. Carl Linger of South Australia wrote ‘The Song of Australia’ in 1860, and it was suggested to the Prime Minister in 1929 as a possible national anthem.

The issue of a truly national anthem was raised persistently before the 1956 Olympic Games, which were held in Melbourne. ‘Advance Australia Fair’ and ‘Waltzing Matilda’ were the two songs most strongly favoured then as the new anthem. ‘Waltzing Matilda’ was composed in 1895, with lyrics by one of Australia’s best known poets, AB ‘Banjo’ Paterson.

On Australia Day, 26 January, in 1972, the number of entries received in an Australia-wide national anthem quest gave an indication of the interest in a new anthem.

Exactly a year later a government-sponsored competition was announced, which drew 2500 entries for the words and 1300 for the music. The judges selected six entries for the words, but rejected all the musical entries.


6.Describe the history and design of Australian national flag. What symbols are used in the design and why?
Answer:

The flag of Australia is the national flag of Australia. Its original design was chosen in 1901 from entries in a worldwide competition held following Federation. It was first flown in Melbourne on 3 September 1901. A slightly different design was approved by King Edward VII in 1902. Over the next few years, the exact specifications of the flag were changed several times both intentionally and as a result of confusion. The current specifications were formally gazetted in 1934, and in 1954 the flag became recognised by parliamentary statute as the "Australian National Flag".

The flag is a defaced Blue Ensign: a blue field with the Union Flag in the canton (upper hoist quarter), and a large white seven-pointed star known as the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist quarter. The fly contains a representation of the Southern Cross constellation, made up of five white stars – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars.

The flag of Australia is legally defined in the Flags Act 1953. In addition there are other official flags representing Australia, its people and core functions of government.

7.Describe the history of the name"Australia". Where does it come from and when was it first used in English?
Answer:

Greeks use the word australis to mean south or the southern part of the world. Geographers continue to use the word australis to refer to the region and in particular refer to terra australis incognita. Mathew Flinders circumnavigates the large continental mass proving that the areas known at that time as New Holland and New South Wales were part of the same continent. On his map the name Australia is used for the first time to specifically describe the continent that now bears that name. In a letter written from Mauritius to the British Admiralty, Flinders referred to this land mass as Australia rather than most commonly used names of Terra Australis and New Holland.
Who gave Australia its name? If you want a simple answer we would have to say Matthew Flinders. He was the first to know for certain that what he was dealing with was an island continent, referred to it as Australia and his naming recommendation was eventually accepted by the British authorities. However if we found ourselves in a pub surrounded by swarthy Spanish sailors we might become receptive to alternative views.
8.Why is the plant 'golden wattle' so significant in Australia? What do Australians celebrate on the 1-st of September?
Answer:

Although wattles, and in particular the Golden Wattle, have been the informal floral emblem of Australia for many years, it was not until Australia’s bicentenary in 1988 that the Golden Wattle was formally adopted as the Floral Emblem of Australia. The date of gazettal was September 1 which was marked by a ceremony at the Australian National Botanic Gardens which included the planting of a Golden Wattle by Hazel Hawke, the Prime Minister’s wife. In 1992, September 1 was formally declared as "National Wattle Day".
9.What kind of pet is 'litoria caerulea' in Australia? Where does it live? Characterize and illustrate the species.
Answer:

The Australian Green Tree Frog, simply Green Tree Frog in Australia, White's Tree Frog, or Dumpy Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand and the United States. The species belongs to the genus Litoria. It is physiologically similar to some species of the genus, particularly the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida) and the Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata).

10.What is the name of the famous Australian rock band, which was founded in 1973 and is still successfully performing? Illustrate.
Answer:

AC/DC are an Australian rock band formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. Although the band are commonly classified as hard rock and are considered a pioneer of heavy metal, they have always classified their music as rock and roll.